locate an office

offices near you

office near you

Investment Strategy

How worried should you be about government debt?

Market Update: Watching paint dry

Equity markets and bond yields both traded in a narrow band last week. Investors should enjoy the calm while it lasts.

The first round of parliamentary elections in France on Sunday confirmed that Marine Le Pen’s far-right party is in pole position, although by a lesser margin than many had feared. The UK is next to head to the polls on Thursday, and markets are pricing a high probability that Keir Starmer’s Labour party will be moving into 10 Downing Street.

Markets are attuned to the risks that come with shifts in political power, particularly in countries like France and the UK, where government debt burdens have been growing rapidly. The aftermath of the UK mini budget saga in late-2022 is still fresh in the memory of investors, and serves as a reminder to the potential implications that “fiscally irresponsible” growth plans can have on financial markets.

Today, we focus our attention on the U.S., where last Thursday’s presidential debate looks to have put former President Trump in the driver’s seat just four months out from election day. With bouts of volatility across other global markets causing some jitters, we are taking the opportunity to dig into one of the most frequent questions that we get from clients: How worried should we be about the U.S. debt and deficit?

Spotlight: What risks do high debt levels and wide deficits really pose?

The U.S. fiscal trajectory has garnered significant attention since S&P Global downgraded the debt in 2011. Just last week, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) updated its projections for the federal budget that suggest a $2 trillion deficit this year and an increase in the debt to GDP ratio to over 120% (the highest ever) by 2034.

While financial markets and presidential candidates have shown indifference, it’s crucial to understand the underlying risks associated with wide deficits and high sovereign debt levels.

The bottom line for investors is that we don’t expect meaningful improvement in the trajectory for U.S. debt or deficits in the medium term. However, multi-asset portfolios should still be able to deliver for investors. Monetary policymakers have maintained credibility, investor demand for U.S. Treasury assets is still strong, and the tax base is robust.

That said, the risks are meaningful enough to consider adding non-U.S. dollar–denominated assets and “real assets” such as infrastructure, gold and commodities to traditional multi-asset portfolios. A focus on tax efficiency for U.S. taxpayers could also be prudent.

In the rest of the note, we will explain the five most prevalent concerns, and will assess the impacts that each might have on your portfolio.

1. High debt levels and wide deficits limit fiscal flexibility

The U.S. government’s wide deficit and elevated debt levels restrict its ability to respond effectively to future economic downturns. Historically, during recessions, governments boost spending to stimulate growth. However, the fiscal space for additional stimulus might be constrained by an already wide budget deficit. This could slow any economic recovery. That said, elevated yields provide ample monetary space to provide support should a downturn materialize.

Investment implication: Somewhat ironically, this suggests that Treasury bonds and other investment grade fixed income assets still have a critical role to play in multi-asset portfolios.

2. High debt levels and wide deficits could increase borrowing costs

As the federal deficit grows, so does the need to issue Treasury securities. While demand for Treasuries has remained robust, (at recent auctions, public demand was around 2.5x greater than supply), a continued increase in supply could lead to higher yields. This scenario would increase the government’s interest expenses, further exacerbating the fiscal burden. The CBO already projects that interest costs will rise to 6% of GDP by 2050 (double the 3% highs recorded in the 1990s) driven by the assumption that government spending will grow at a materially faster rate than revenues.

Investment implication: Potential upward pressure on bond yields emphasizes the need to add other sources of diversification against potential equity volatility, most notably real assets.

3. High debt levels and wide deficits could crowd out more productive spending

The CBO projects that by the mid 2030s, all federal revenues will be required to fund mandatory government spending alone: largely Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security and interest on debt. At that point, the only way to finance basic functions such as defense, law enforcement, infrastructure and education would be to borrow more or to cut other discretionary spending.

This potential crowding out could impede long-term economic growth and innovation. Federal programs such as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (1958), the Orphan Drug Act (1983) and the National Nanotechnology Initiative (2000) have been vital to innovation in communications, computing and biotechnology.

Investment implications: While this risk is present, investors should note that the federal government is still directly investing and incentivizing investment in critical areas such as infrastructure, climate technology and manufacturing, given the provisions contained in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill, the Inflation Reduction Act and the CHIPS Act. That is consistent with spending initiatives in Europe, too. Notably, artificial intelligence, perhaps the most important innovation for equity markets in a generation, is largely being financed by the private sector.

4. High debt levels and wide deficits will probably not lead to dollar depreciation and excess inflation

If markets begin to question the credibility of U.S. sovereign debt, the dollar could depreciate and inflation could accelerate. Although historical data suggests this risk is low in the medium term, it cannot be entirely ruled out. For instance, the UK faced a “mini” fiscal crisis in 2022, leading to a 10% depreciation of the pound. A similar scenario in the U.S. could erode the dollar’s purchasing power and increase import prices, contributing to inflation. However, this risk is mitigated by the credibility of U.S. monetary authorities and the dollar’s status as the primary global reserve currency.

Instability and excess inflation can occur when central banks finance government spending by buying sovereign debt or keeping interest rates artificially low. While the U.S. engaged in this “financial repression” during and after World War II, the Federal Reserve has decreased its holdings of government debt by $1.3 trillion over the last two years, and has raised interest rates to some of the highest levels in 30 years. Inflation expectations remained well anchored during the spike of 2022 and 2023, indicating the Fed’s focus on labor market and inflation outcomes.

The U.S. dollar’s status as the world’s primary reserve currency provides a unique advantage. To be sure, the “BRICS+” economies are gaining geopolitical influence, and are trying to establish a rival trading and monetary system. However, the dollar still comprises around 60% of global foreign exchange reserves, is involved in 90% of global transactions, and is used in over half of all global trade.

Investment implications: While this risk is low, the clear hedge against potential dollar depreciation is an allocation to non-USD assets and gold. That is particularly pertinent with the U.S. dollar trading near its strongest level in over 20 years (outside of a brief period in 2022).

5. High debt levels and wide deficits will most likely not lead to a government default

The likelihood of the U.S. (or any other developed economy for that matter) defaulting on its debt remains extremely low (technical defaults due to the statutory debt limit are a different story). The U.S. benefits from issuing debt in its own currency, which is also the global reserve currency. This unique position allows for a higher debt-carrying capacity compared to countries such as Argentina and Turkey, which issue debt in foreign currencies. Additionally, the U.S. has a robust tax base and the ability to raise revenues through tax reforms if necessary. Japan, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 228%, provides a useful example of a country that has managed to avoid a fiscal crisis despite twice the indebtedness of the U.S.

Because all U.S. debt is dollar denominated, there is an extremely limited likelihood that the federal government would not be able to repay. The risk is that the government does it with dollars that have lost a significant amount of value relative to other currencies or assets such as gold. The most extreme example of this for a major economy was France in the 1920s.

Investment implications: While the fiscal outlook may appear challenging, the structural advantages of the U.S. economy and its currency provide a significant buffer against default risk.

Conclusion: Endgames for policymakers and investors

The most likely scenario for the next few years is the status quo: Deficits remain wide and debt levels continue to rise. Despite the associated risks, we believe these won’t destabilize multi-asset portfolios due to the credibility of policymakers, ongoing investor demand for U.S. Treasury assets and a robust tax base.

There are methods to address the debt problem. One option is preemptive fiscal reform, which could involve altering entitlement or discretionary spending, and/or raising taxes on high-net-worth individuals or corporations. Another is higher economic growth through productivity gains. Specifically, advancements in artificial intelligence could enhance fiscal sustainability by boosting economic output without causing inflation. The CBO does not, and has not historically, forecasted these types of productivity booms.

Finally, we should note that the CBO has shown a tendency to develop overly pessimistic projections for the U.S. debt and deficits. For instance, in 2009 the CBO projected that mandatory government spending would outstrip total U.S. revenues by 2024. That intersection has been revised further into the future to 2034.

For investors, the message is clear: It is probably prudent to move beyond the traditional 60/40 portfolio. Including non-U.S. dollar assets and real assets such as infrastructure, gold and commodities can provide a hedge against potential dollar depreciation and inflation. As always, understanding the risks and incorporating them into your planning process is the best way to achieve your financial goals.

 

All market and economic data as of July 2024 and sourced from Bloomberg Finance L.P. and FactSet unless otherwise stated.

We believe the information contained in this material to be reliable but do not warrant its accuracy or completeness. Opinions, estimates, and investment strategies and views expressed in this document constitute our judgment based on current market conditions and are subject to change without notice.

RISK CONSIDERATIONS

  • Past performance is not indicative of future results. You may not invest directly in an index.
  • The prices and rates of return are indicative, as they may vary over time based on market conditions.
  • Additional risk considerations exist for all strategies.
  • The information provided herein is not intended as a recommendation of or an offer or solicitation to purchase or sell any investment product or service.
  • Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other areas of J.P. Morgan. This material should not be regarded as investment research or a J.P. Morgan investment research report.
  • Bonds are subject to interest rate risk, credit and default risk of the issuer. Bond prices generally fall when interest rates rise.​
  • The price of equity securities may rise or fall due to the changes in the broad market or changes in a company's financial condition, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably. Equity securities are subject to "stock market risk" meaning that stock prices in general may decline over short or extended periods of time.​
We break down common concerns, share possible scenarios, and discuss how policymakers and investors might respond.

EXPERIENCE THE FULL POSSIBILITY OF YOUR WEALTH

We can help you navigate a complex financial landscape. Reach out today to learn how.

Contact us
Important Information
KEY RISKS

This material is for information purposes only, and may inform you of certain products and services offered by J.P. Morgan’s wealth management businesses, part of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (“JPM”). Products and services described, as well as associated fees, charges and interest rates, are subject to change in accordance with the applicable account agreements and may differ among geographic locations.

Not all products and services are offered at all locations. If you are a person with a disability and need additional support accessing this material, please contact your J.P. Morgan team or email us at accessibility.support@jpmorgan.com for assistance. Please read all Important Information.

GENERAL RISKS & CONSIDERATIONS. Any views, strategies or products discussed in this material may not be appropriate for all individuals and are subject to risks. Investors may get back less than they invested, and past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results. Asset allocation/diversification does not guarantee a profit or protect against loss. Nothing in this material should be relied upon in isolation for the purpose of making an investment decision. You are urged to consider carefully whether the services, products, asset classes (e.g., equities, fixed income, alternative investments, commodities, etc.) or strategies discussed are suitable to your needs. You must also consider the objectives, risks, charges, and expenses associated with an investment service, product or strategy prior to making an investment decision. For this and more complete information, including discussion of your goals/situation, contact your J.P. Morgan team.

NON-RELIANCE. Certain information contained in this material is believed to be reliable; however, JPM does not represent or warrant its accuracy, reliability or completeness, or accept any liability for any loss or damage (whether direct or indirect) arising out of the use of all or any part of this material. No representation or warranty should be made with regard to any computations, graphs, tables, diagrams or commentary in this material, which are provided for illustration/reference purposes only. The views, opinions, estimates and strategies expressed in this material constitute our judgment based on current market conditions and are subject to change without notice. JPM assumes no duty to update any information in this material in the event that such information changes. Views, opinions, estimates and strategies expressed herein may differ from those expressed by other areas of JPM, views expressed for other purposes or in other contexts, and this material should not be regarded as a research report. Any projected results and risks are based solely on hypothetical examples cited, and actual results and risks will vary depending on specific circumstances. Forward-looking statements should not be considered as guarantees or predictions of future events.

Nothing in this document shall be construed as giving rise to any duty of care owed to, or advisory relationship with, you or any third party. Nothing in this document shall be regarded as an offer, solicitation, recommendation or advice (whether financial, accounting, legal, tax or other) given by J.P. Morgan and/or its officers or employees, irrespective of whether or not such communication was given at your request. J.P. Morgan and its affiliates and employees do not provide tax, legal or accounting advice. You should consult your own tax, legal and accounting advisors before engaging in any financial transactions.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR INVESTMENTS AND POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Conflicts of interest will arise whenever JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. or any of its affiliates (together, “J.P. Morgan”) have an actual or perceived economic or other incentive in its management of our clients’ portfolios to act in a way that benefits J.P. Morgan. Conflicts will result, for example (to the extent the following activities are permitted in your account): (1) when J.P. Morgan invests in an investment product, such as a mutual fund, structured product, separately managed account or hedge fund issued or managed by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. or an affiliate, such as J.P. Morgan Investment Management Inc.; (2) when a J.P. Morgan entity obtains services, including trade execution and trade clearing, from an affiliate; (3) when J.P. Morgan receives payment as a result of purchasing an investment product for a client’s account; or (4) when J.P. Morgan receives payment for providing services (including shareholder servicing, recordkeeping or custody) with respect to investment products purchased for a client’s portfolio. Other conflicts will result because of relationships that J.P. Morgan has with other clients or when J.P. Morgan acts for its own account.

Investment strategies are selected from both J.P. Morgan and third-party asset managers and are subject to a review process by our manager research teams. From this pool of strategies, our portfolio construction teams select those strategies we believe fit our asset allocation goals and forward-looking views in order to meet the portfolio’s investment objective.

As a general matter, we prefer J.P. Morgan managed strategies. We expect the proportion of J.P. Morgan managed strategies will be high (in fact, up to 100 percent) in strategies such as, for example, cash and high-quality fixed income, subject to applicable law and any account-specific considerations.

While our internally managed strategies generally align well with our forward-looking views, and we are familiar with the investment processes as well as the risk and compliance philosophy of the firm, it is important to note that J.P. Morgan receives more overall fees when internally managed strategies are included. We offer the option of choosing to exclude J.P. Morgan managed strategies (other than cash and liquidity products) in certain portfolios.

The Six Circles Funds are U.S.-registered mutual funds managed by J.P. Morgan and sub-advised by third parties. Although considered internally managed strategies, JPMC does not retain a fee for fund management or other fund services.

LEGAL ENTITY, BRAND & REGULATORY INFORMATION

In the United States, bank deposit accounts and related services, such as checking, savings and bank lending, are offered by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and its affiliates (collectively “JPMCB”) offer investment products, which may include bank-managed investment accounts and custody, as part of its trust and fiduciary services. Other investment products and services, such as brokerage and advisory accounts, are offered through J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (“JPMS”), a member of FINRA and SIPC. Insurance products are made available through Chase Insurance Agency, Inc. (CIA), a licensed insurance agency, doing business as Chase Insurance Agency Services, Inc. in Florida. JPMCB, JPMS and CIA are affiliated companies under the common control of JPM. Products not available in all states.

In Germany, this material is issued by J.P. Morgan SE, with its registered office at Taunustor 1 (TaunusTurm), 60310 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB). In Luxembourg, this material is issued by J.P. Morgan SE—Luxembourg Branch, with registered office at European Bank and Business Centre, 6 route de Treves, L-2633, Senningerberg, Luxembourg, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE—Luxembourg Branch is also supervised by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF); registered under R.C.S Luxembourg B255938. In the United Kingdom, this material is issued by J.P. Morgan SE—London Branch, registered office at 25 Bank Street, Canary Wharf, London E14 5JP, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE—London Branch is also supervised by the Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority. In Spain, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE, Sucursal en España, with registered office at Paseo de la Castellana, 31, 28046 Madrid, Spain, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE, Sucursal en España is also supervised by the Spanish Securities Market Commission (CNMV); registered with Bank of Spain as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under code 1567. In Italy, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE—Milan Branch, with its registered office at Via Cordusio, n.3, Milan 20123, Italy, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE—Milan Branch is also supervised by Bank of Italy and the Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa (CONSOB); registered with Bank of Italy as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under code 8076; Milan Chamber of Commerce Registered Number: REA MI 2536325. In the Netherlands, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE—Amsterdam Branch, with registered office at World Trade Centre, Tower B, Strawinskylaan 1135, 1077 XX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE—Amsterdam Branch is also supervised by De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) and the Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM) in the Netherlands. Registered with the Kamer van Koophandel as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under registration number 72610220. In Denmark, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE—Copenhagen Branch, filial af J.P. Morgan SE, Tyskland, with registered office at Kalvebod Brygge 39-41, 1560 København V, Denmark, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE—Copenhagen Branch, filial af J.P. Morgan SE, Tyskland is also supervised by Finanstilsynet (Danish FSA) and is registered with Finanstilsynet as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under code 29010. In Sweden, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE—Stockholm Bankfilial, with registered office at Hamngatan 15, Stockholm, 11147, Sweden, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE—Stockholm Bankfilial is also supervised by Finansinspektionen (Swedish FSA); registered with Finansinspektionen as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE. In Belgium, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Brussels Branch with registered office at 35 Boulevard du Régent, 1000, Brussels, Belgium, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE Brussels Branch is also supervised by the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) and the Financial Services and Markets Authority (FSMA) in Belgium; registered with the NBB under registration number 0715.622.844. In Greece, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Athens Branch, with its registered office at 3 Haritos Street, Athens, 10675, Greece, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Athens Branch is also supervised by Bank of Greece; registered with Bank of Greece as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under code 124; Athens Chamber of Commerce Registered Number 158683760001; VAT Number 99676577. In France, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Paris Branch, with its registered office at 14, Place Vendome 75001 Paris, France, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB) under code 842 422 972; J.P. Morgan SE –Paris Branch is also supervised by the French banking authorities the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution (ACPR) and the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF). In Switzerland, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan (Suisse) SA, with registered address at rue du Rhône, 35, 1204, Geneva, Switzerland, which is authorized and supervised by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) as a bank and a securities dealer in Switzerland.

This communication is an advertisement for the purposes of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MIFID II) and the Swiss Financial Services Act (FINSA). Investors should not subscribe for or purchase any financial instruments referred to in this advertisement except on the basis of information contained in any applicable legal documentation, which is or shall be made available in the relevant jurisdictions (as required).

In Hong Kong, material is distributed by JPMCB, Hong Kong branch. JPMCB, Hong Kong branch is regulated by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, we will cease to use your personal data for our marketing purposes without charge if you so request. In Singapore, material is distributed by JPMCB, Singapore branch. JPMCB, Singapore branch is regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Dealing and advisory services and discretionary investment management services are provided to you by JPMCB, Hong Kong/ Singapore branch (as notified to you). Banking and custody services are provided to you by JPMCB Hong Kong/ Singapore Branch (as notified to you). The contents of this site have not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in Hong Kong, Singapore or any other jurisdictions. For materials which constitute product advertisement under the Securities and Futures Act and the Financial Advisers Act, this advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. You are advised to exercise caution in relation to this site. If you are in any doubt about any of the contents of this document, you should obtain independent professional advice. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., a national banking association chartered under the laws of the United States, and as a body corporate, its shareholder’s liability is limited.

With respect to countries in Latin America, the distribution of this material may be restricted in certain jurisdictions. We may offer and/or sell to you securities or other financial instruments which may not be registered under, and are not the subject of a public offering under, the securities or other financial regulatory laws of your home country. Such securities or instruments are offered and/or sold to you on a private basis only. Any communication by us to you regarding such securities or instruments, including without limitation the delivery of a prospectus, term sheet or other offering document, is not intended by us as an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities or instruments in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful. Furthermore, such securities or instruments may be subject to certain regulatory and/or contractual restrictions on subsequent transfer by you, and you are solely responsible for ascertaining and complying with such restrictions. To the extent this content makes reference to a fund, the Fund may not be publicly offered in any Latin American country, without previous registration of such fund’s securities in compliance with the laws of the corresponding jurisdiction.

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (JPMCBNA) (ABN 43 074 112 011/AFS Licence No: 238367) is regulated by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority. Material provided by JPMCBNA in Australia is to “wholesale clients” only. For the purposes of this paragraph the term “wholesale client” has the meaning given in section 761G of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Please inform us if you are not a Wholesale Client now or if you cease to be a Wholesale Client at any time in the future.

JPMS is a registered foreign company (overseas) (ARBN 109293610) incorporated in Delaware, U.S.A. Under Australian financial services licensing requirements, carrying on a financial services business in Australia requires a financial service provider, such as J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (JPMS), to hold an Australian Financial Services Licence (AFSL), unless an exemption applies. JPMS is exempt from the requirement to hold an AFSL under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (Act) in respect of financial services it provides to you, and is regulated by the SEC, FINRA and CFTC under U.S. laws, which differ from Australian laws. Material provided by JPMS in Australia is to “wholesale clients” only. The information provided in this material is not intended to be, and must not be, distributed or passed on, directly or indirectly, to any other class of persons in Australia. For the purposes of this paragraph the term “wholesale client” has the meaning given in section 761G of the Act. Please inform us immediately if you are not a Wholesale Client now or if you cease to be a Wholesale Client at any time in the future.

This material has not been prepared specifically for Australian investors. It:

  • May contain references to dollar amounts which are not Australian dollars;
  • May contain financial information which is not prepared in accordance with Australian law or practices;
  • May not address risks associated with investment in foreign currency denominated investments; and
  • Does not address Australian tax issues.

© $$YEAR JPMorgan Chase & Co. All rights reserved. 

LEARN MORE About Our Firm and Investment Professionals Through FINRA BrokerCheck

 

To learn more about J.P. Morgan’s investment business, including our accounts, products and services, as well as our relationship with you, please review our J.P. Morgan Securities LLC Form CRS and Guide to Investment Services and Brokerage Products

 

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and its affiliates (collectively "JPMCB") offer investment products, which may include bank-managed accounts and custody, as part of its trust and fiduciary services. Other investment products and services, such as brokerage and advisory accounts, are offered through J.P. Morgan Securities LLC ("JPMS"), a member of FINRA and SIPC. Insurance products are made available through Chase Insurance Agency, Inc. (CIA), a licensed insurance agency, doing business as Chase Insurance Agency Services, Inc. in Florida. JPMCB, JPMS and CIA are affiliated companies under the common control of JPMorgan Chase & Co. Products not available in all states.

 

Please read the Legal Disclaimer in conjunction with these pages.

INVESTMENT AND INSURANCE PRODUCTS ARE: • NOT FDIC INSURED • NOT INSURED BY ANY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCY • NOT A DEPOSIT OR OTHER OBLIGATION OF, OR GUARANTEED BY, JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. OR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES • SUBJECT TO INVESTMENT RISKS, INCLUDING POSSIBLE LOSS OF THE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT INVESTED
Bank deposit products, such as checking, savings and bank lending and related services are offered by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. Not a commitment to lend. All extensions of credit are subject to credit approval.