Investment Strategy
The first 100 days: What Trump’s policies mean for investors
Key takeaways:
- President Trump has been historically busy during his first 100 days and has signed 142 executive orders. The moves have come with significant market volatility across stocks, bonds, currencies and commodities.
- U.S. tariffs are at their highest since the 1930s, influencing business and consumer choices. Potential deals could stabilize rates, but volatility offers opportunities for defensive equity strategies.
- U.S. markets have lagged the rest of the world. Diversification is key, and intentional allocations across regions and currencies can help to reduce concentration risk.
- Efforts to reduce the budget deficit include tariffs and GDP growth, but concerns persist, potentially increasing Treasury market volatility. We favor shorter-duration securities.
The end of April on the calendar marked the end of one of the most volatile months for markets in recent memory.
- The dollar posted its worst performance since November 2022, contracting -4.6%.
- The S&P 500 closed the month down -0.8%, marking the third consecutive month of declines. But the end figure doesn’t begin to describe the intra-month volatility. The Index suffered a -12.1% intra-month decline. No month in the history of the S&P 500 has had at least a 10% intra-month decline and subsequent recovery to positive territory. April 2025 came close, and that included a +11.8% recovery from the trough and a +9.5% single-day return on April 9 when the “Liberation Day” tariffs were delayed for 90 days, recording the best single-day performance since 2008. Those moves caused the level on the VIX Index (a measure of implied equity volatility) to spike to over 55—the highest level since COVID.
- Volatility didn’t just turn up in the equity markets: The 10-year Treasury increased ~50 basis points the week ending April 11, which is the largest weekly increase since 2001. Since then, longer-dated yields have declined nearly 40 basis points to finish the month up ~12 basis points. In the corporate debt space, issuance slowed in April. U.S. domestic high yield issuance stands at $7.9 billion month-to-date (as of April 23), marking the slowest April since 2008.
- Gold gained for the fourth consecutive month, closing +5.3% higher and is up +25% year-to-date. Oil (-16%) had its worst month since November 2021 amid fears of reduced demand caused by a potential economic slowdown as well as OPEC+ plans to increase output.
In macro news, U.S. real GDP declined -0.3% in Q1, which was mostly in line with market consensus. A major caveat to the headline print was the distortion of the underlying data due to tariff uncertainty. Net exports contributed -4.8% to GDP (likely from import front loading particularly in pharmaceuticals and computer parts), which is the largest-ever drag on growth from net exports.
Net exports drag on GDP was the largest in recorded history
Net exports contribution to GDP, %
Source: Bloomberg Finance L.P. Data as of April 30, 2025.
Domestic demand (consumer spending plus private fixed investment) tends to be seen as a less distorted indicator of growth in the economy. Domestic demand added 2.5 percentage points to GDP growth, exactly in line with Q4’s GDP. The print indicates continued steady growth in the U.S. economy, controlling for import distortions, though weaker growth data is likely on the horizon, as the full effect of tariffs takes time to build.
The first 100 days of a president’s term took on symbolic significance during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s initial term in office, when he promised major reforms amid the Great Depression. After he introduced many significant policies during that period, the “first 100 days” of a presidency became a common standard by which to measure future presidents in U.S. politics. Last week marked 100 days of President Trump’s second term, which we analyze below.
Spotlight
President Trump has been historically busy during his first 100 days and has signed 142 executive orders, according to the Federal Register and American Presidency Project. Trump hit the ground running, signing 37 executive orders in his first week in office alone (not including other executive actions such as memoranda and proclamations). He issued his 100th order in late March, surpassing Roosevelt’s record of 99 in 100 days. We examine the results across three areas below:
1. Tariffs. It wouldn’t be possible to discuss President Trump’s second term without mentioning tariffs. Michael Cembalest, our Chairman of Market and Investment Strategy, has been updating the most important chart of 2025 in his Trump Tracker, and he provides some color in his latest Eye on the Market: Dogespierre Has Left the Building.
The ‘current’ U.S. effective tariff rate is less onerous than ‘Liberation Day’
U.S. effective tariff rate, %
Sources: Michael Cembalest “Eye on the Market”, Tax Foundation, JPM Global Economics, GS Global Investment Research. Data as of April 16, 2025. Liberation Day tariff rate is as of April 2nd and does not include exclusions or substitution effects. The current tariff rate adds a +10% tariff on most of the world; +125% on China and incorporates announced exclusions by the U.S. by product and a 70% substitution away from China (40% country; 30% US). The White House announced exclusions and small rate adjustment incorporates White House exclusion announcements and the change in rates for China and RoW.
There have been conflicting messages regarding bilateral negotiations between the United States and China, further tangling the complex geopolitical thread that has been spinning since April 2. Regardless, our estimates suggest that the current U.S. effective tariff rate is at the highest level since the 1930s.
Businesses face complex decisions as a result of tariffs across inventory and capital expansion projects, which affect economic growth. As for consumers, who are expecting 5% inflation over the next 12 months according to the latest U Michigan survey, they essentially have two choices: spend now (to get ahead of increased prices) or save (and increase rainy day funds). Which option they choose remains to be seen, but we’ll be watching retail sales, credit card spending data and company commentary for signals of changing behaviors.
The tariff policy and trajectory have been rapidly evolving. Our base case assume deals with trading partners and substitution effects could result with effective tariff rate settling at 10%–20%. This would impact U.S. growth, leading to higher unemployment and inflation, but likely avoiding a recession. Market volatility would persist, affecting earnings, yet investors might benefit from structured notes offering defensive equity exposure and income.
2. U.S. market performance has lagged the rest of the world. We started 2025 with Wall Street in consensus on U.S. exceptionalism. President Trump’s term was expected to usher in an era of deregulation, continued tax cuts, and a release of animal spirits bolstering capital markets activity and performance. Consensus expectations haven’t materialized, and instead have flipped to except-U.S.-alism. Bloomberg’s latest survey showed a 40% median probability of a U.S. recession in the next 12 months according to forecasters.
The U.S. has lagged the rest of the world
Sources: Bloomberg Finance L.P., FactSet. Sectors shown are represented by: Emerging Markets Stocks: MSCI EM; Europe Stocks: Euro Stoxx 50; Asia ex-Japan Stocks: MSCI Asia ex-Japan; China Stocks: MSCI China; World Stocks: MSCI World; U.S. Stocks: S&P 500; Japan Stocks: TOPIX Index; U.S. High Yield: Bloomberg U.S. High Yield; U.S. Core Bonds: Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index; U.S. Treasuries: Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Index; and Commodities: Bloomberg Commodity Index. Data as of May 1, 2025
We don’t buy into the view that investors should avoid U.S. assets. In our base case, we believe the United States will avoid a recession this year and, in that environment, U.S. equities can still outperform the rest of the world into year-end. However, the outperformance of ex-U.S. assets year-to-date is why we advocate for diversification in portfolios.
Diversification, by definition, means that you won’t have the highest return in a given year, but it creates a smoother ride for investor portfolios. Take, for example, an investor with 100% S&P 500 exposure versus a global 60/40 allocation since the start of 2023. That cherry-picks the starting point before two years of consecutive +20% returns for U.S. equities (which hasn’t happened since the late ’90s). The returns for both sets of investors are attractive: The U.S.-only investor had a price return of 43% versus 30% for the global investor. The difference is the global investor achieved those gains at approximately 36% less volatility and a smoother investment experience. While the United States has outperformed the rest of the world by approximately 2x since 2010, every year an investor doesn’t diversify holdings is a year actively taking the bet that the trend continues.
It isn’t only about the asset allocation either…the currency conversation is becoming a more pertinent one. While we do not foresee the dollar losing its reserve currency status any time soon (nearly 90% of all FX trades involve the dollar), capital will likely continue its shift at the margin out of dollars and into other global markets amid downside risks to the dollar. We think that intentional diversification across regions and currencies is crucial, focusing on deep and liquid markets such as Europe and Japan (and gold).
3. The deficit: The Trump administration inherited a budget deficit of $1.8 trillion, equivalent to 6.4% of GDP, and aims to reduce it to 3%. The strategy includes generating revenue through tariffs, implementing spending cuts, and promoting tax cuts and deregulation to boost GDP.
Senate instructions for budget reconciliation allow larger debt impact than any recent law
$ billions over the next ten years
Sources: Congressional Budget Office, CRFB estimates, House Budget Committee, Senate Budget Committee. Note: House Budget Instructions shown as $2.8 trillion but possibly totaling $3.3 trillion without additional spending cuts.
Extending the tax cuts would likely be favorable for U.S. risk assets, but would come at the cost of adding trillions to the U.S. deficit.
There are essentially three ways to lower the deficit: raise revenues (taxes), lower spending (attempts by DOGE haven’t yet shown the ability to lower expenses enough to make a significant difference in the deficit) or increase GDP. For now, it doesn’t seem like the deficit will be moving markedly lower, and it will remain a risk for investors. The Congressional Budget Office forecasts budget deficits to continue over its forecast horizon.
The CBO expects budget deficits to continue
CBO estimate of U.S. budget surplus/deficit as a % of GDP, fiscal year
Sources: Congressional Budget Office. The Economic and Budget Outlook. Haver Analytics. Data as of January 17, 2025. Note: Data through 2024 are actual values. CBO projections are based on estimates of what the budget would be under current policies. "Baseline" projections assume no changes are made to laws already enacted.
Ongoing concerns about the deficit are likely to contribute to greater volatility in the U.S. Treasury market—or at the least, alter the risk-reward profile of investing in longer-dated U.S. Treasury securities or securities with a comparable duration. This creates uncertainty and higher yields (term premium) at the longer end of the Treasury curve. To us, we prefer the risk-reward offered at the belly (~5 years) of the curve and in. This part of the curve is relatively less affected by the trajectory of U.S. debt and macroeconomic uncertainty, and more affected by the Federal Reserve. We have confidence that the next move the Fed makes will be a cut rather than a hike, and as a result, we still see the short end as attractive.
Bonus:
Immigration: President Trump focused on unauthorized migration during his campaign, promising to close the border and initiate a large-scale deportation effort similar to President Eisenhower’s in the 1950s. His administration deployed the military to the border, eased restrictions on Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and arranged with El Salvador to detain deported migrants there. U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that the month of March recorded just 7,180 southwest border crossings, the lowest number since 2020, and a dramatic drop compared to the monthly average during 2023–2024, approximately 115,000.
U.S. border encounters have collapsed
Southern border apprehensions, thousands
Sources: U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Haver Analytics. Data as of March 31, 2025. Note: Encounters include U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) title 8 Apprehensions, Office of Field Operations (OFO) title 8 inadmissibles, and title 42 expulsions. Title 42 expulsions began March 21, 2020, and ended on May 11, 2023.
Wondering how to position your portfolio for these trends? Join us on May 6th at 4pm London time for an exclusive conversation with Richard Madigan, our Chief Investment Officer, as he discusses recent market volatility, the impact of tariffs and how to navigate challenging markets in the months ahead.
RISK CONSIDERATIONS
All market and economic data as of May 2025 and sourced from Bloomberg Finance L.P. and FactSet unless otherwise stated.
We believe the information contained in this material to be reliable but do not warrant its accuracy or completeness. Opinions, estimates, and investment strategies and views expressed in this document constitute our judgment based on current market conditions and are subject to change without notice.
- Past performance is not indicative of future results. You may not invest directly in an index.
- The prices and rates of return are indicative, as they may vary over time based on market conditions.
- Additional risk considerations exist for all strategies.
- The information provided herein is not intended as a recommendation of or an offer or solicitation to purchase or sell any investment product or service.
- Opinions expressed herein may differ from the opinions expressed by other areas of J.P. Morgan. This material should not be regarded as investment research or a J.P. Morgan investment research report.
- Holders of foreign securities can be subject to foreign exchange risk, exchange-rate risk and currency risk, as exchange rates fluctuate between an investment’s foreign currency and the investment holder’s domestic currency. Conversely, it is possible to benefit from favorable foreign exchange fluctuations.
Important Information
Amid market volatility, we reflect on the impact of the U.S. president’s second-term policies.
Alan Wynne
Global Investment Strategist
Published May 6, 2025
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