Investment Strategy

Beyond the unicorns: Smaller companies also hold great promise In Latin America

Oct 14, 2021
This article was written by Economist Impact, with support from J.P. Morgan

Unicorn status is an arbitrary one, and dynamic, smaller companies bringing new solutions to old problems offer significant investment potential

In the startup1 world, gaining the status of "unicorns"2 has seemingly become the be-all and end-all. The prospect of crossing the US$1 billion estimated valuation mark is a tantalising goal for firms and their investors alike. With the number of unicorns growing globally, many investors in Latin America—which to date has comparatively few unicorns—are speculating about which companies in the region could replicate these trends. Governments are also focused on the growth of the unicorn market as a key metric of success for Latin America’s development. However, the mythical figure of the unicorn is rather obscure. Is there a secret formula to spot or create a unicorn?

But focusing solely on companies that might achieve unicorn status is missing the point: There are significant investment opportunities in smaller ventures, which offer large potential returns in sectors including retail, financial services, healthcare and education. Outside of the major economies of Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Colombia, many Latin American startups may struggle to achieve unicorn status, owing to the small size of the region’s markets and still-developing internationalisation. But investors should not be dissuaded: Unicorn status is an arbitrary one, and dynamic smaller companies bringing new solutions to old problems offer significant investment potential — while also addressing some of the region’s critical development goals.

This article analyses the environment for private startups in key Latin American markets and explores how technology, an increased focus from governments, and private sector initiatives can support the sector and power economic growth. As has been the case elsewhere, the right mix of innovative products and a strong enabling environment coupled with a motivated investor base can transform Latin America’s challenges into a source of economic growth.

The number of unicorn companies around the world has grown sharply in recent years. With the term initially reflecting the rarity of such steep growth in a new company, data suggests that there are now over 770 unicorns globally, valued at US$2.4 trillion3. The onset of the coronavirus pandemic saw short-term fluctuations in the market, with investor caution leading to a global slow-down in the number of new companies that crossed the US$1 billion-valuation mark; but a rapid recovery has since followed (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Number of unicorns, Total Global, U.S., China, and Latin America (2016-2021)

Source: Economist Impact analysis of CrunchBase data (2021), accessed on August 31, 2021.
The graph shows the total number of unicorns worldwide, in the United States, in China and in Latin America for the period 2016-2020. In 2016 were identified 196 unicorns worldwide, up to 779 in 2021. In 2016, there were a total of 196 unicorns worldwide with the following distribution: 107 in the United States, 41 in China, 20 in Western Europe, 1 in Latin America, and 27 in the rest of the world. In 2017, there were a total of 222 unicorns worldwide with the following distribution: 112 in the United States, 59 in China, 22 in Western Europe, 1 in Latin America, and 28 in the rest of the world. In 2018, there were a total of 323 unicorns worldwide with the following distribution: 158 in the United States, 86 in China, 31 in Western Europe, 3 in Latin America, and 45 in the rest of the world. In 2019, there were a total of 439 unicorns worldwide with the following distribution: 216 in the United States, 102 in China, 51 in Western Europe, 9 in Latin America, and 61 in the rest of the world. In 2020, there were a total of 515 unicorns worldwide with the following distribution: 251 in the United States, 121 in China, 55 in Western Europe, 11 in Latin America, and 77 in the rest of the world. In 2021, there were a total of 779 unicorns worldwide with the following distribution: 388 in the United States, 157 in China, 85 in Western Europe, 23 in Latin America, and 126 in the rest of the world.
Most unicorns are based in major markets like the United States, China and Western Europe. Just 23 of the identified global unicorns are located in Latin America (around 3% of the global total), with a combined market value of US$76.8 billion4. That said, the number of unicorns in the region doubled from 2020 to 2021, offering a glimpse of the dynamism in the broader startup market.

Figure 2. Number of unicorns in Latin America (2016-2021)

Source: Economist Impact analysis of CrunchBase data (2021), accessed on August 31, 2021. 

The Inter-American Development Bank has identified over one thousand private technology startups across Latin America — a number that has more than tripled since 20165. These companies are worth over US$200 billion and employ 245,000 people. Venture capital (VC) funding is growing in earlier funding rounds, indicating that investors seem to be growing in comfort and pursuing companies at an earlier stage of development.

Brazil and Mexico account for around 80% of the valuation of private startups in Latin America. But fast-growing markets can also be found elsewhere, including Colombia and Chile (see Figure 3).

Figure 3. Cumulative funding to private technology startups who have raised at least $1m, select Latin American countries (2016-2021)

Note: Startups showcased are no more than 5 years old, and have received at least US$1 million in funding.

Source: Economist Impact analysis of CrunchBase data (2021), accessed on August 31, 2021.

Investor interest in the private startup market is heavily concentrated in fintech and e-commerce, which represent three-quarters of the total ecosystem’s estimated value6, despite representing only 42% of the number of firms (see Figure 4).

Figure 4. Latin American startups by sector7 (2021)

Info: These two graphs show the sectoral distribution of start-ups in Latin America in 2021. The start-ups shown are up to 5 years old and have received at least $ 1 million in funding. In terms of number of companies, the Fintech sector is the most prominent (126) followed by e-commerce (41), software / IT (35), healthcare (33), real estate (22), food and beverages (18 ), transport (16), clean energy (16), edtech (15), logistics (14), agritech (13), automotive (10), human resources (9), legaltech / insurtech (7), travel (5) , security / cybersecurity (5), entertainment (4), advertising (4), telecommunications (3), biotech (3) and others (2). In terms of percentage of funds received, the Fintech sector is the most prominent (48.4%) followed by automotive (12.1%), clean energy (11.7%), e-commerce (10.3%), mobility (3.7%), health (2.6%), food and beverages (2.5%), real estate (2.3%), software / IT (1.7%), travel (1.5%), agtech (1.1%), logistics (0.7%), edtech (0.5% ), legaltech / insurtech (0.3%), entertainment (0.2%), biotech (0.1%), security / cybersecurity (0.1%), human resources (0.1%) and others (0.1%).

Within Latin America, Brazil is a standout. It has been successful in fostering growth of high-value startups (it hosts 14 of the region's 22 unicorns, for example), and stands out when compared with similarly-sized economies like Indonesia (home to five unicorns)8. Importantly, Brazil’s market demonstrates the opportunity beyond the unicorns. The number of startups in Brazil that have raised more than $1 million in VC funding has quadrupled since 20169. Brazil’s robust startup ecosystem is enabled by a large, young internet-savvy population that is highly urbanised. At the same time, global investors have been attracted to Brazil given the size of its local markets for goods and services and the government’s commitment to foster innovation. This combination of market size, demography and high levels of connectivity has well positioned Brazil as a fertile ground for VC-backed startups.

Critically for Latin America — the growth of private startups in the region has the potential to unleash positive economic spill-overs, as seen in some of the main innovation clusters around the world like the United States, India and China, where startups have driven new market opportunities and improved affordable access to key services including healthcare, financial services and education.

Fostering a vibrant startup ecosystem requires a coordinated effort between governments and the private sector to promote digital readiness and inclusiveness, as well as a harmonised policy, regulatory and economic enabling environment. Startups and startup clusters often grow organically, offering related services to customers in the same sector (thus boosting competition), or launching new products in other sectors (fuelling innovation). However, developing vibrant tech ecosystems requires a longer-term vision and coordinated strategy.

Economist Impact has identified 19 indicators across four key areas that reflect the strength of a country’s enabling environment for startups, in order to support investor decision-making (see Figure 5). 

Figure 5. Indicators of a healthy startup ecosystem

This graph shows the indicators of a healthy startup ecosystem: digital readiness, digital inclusiveness, policy and regulation, and macroeconomic conditions and business environment. To access the underlying data and methodology for this analysis, please see the Appendix

A rapid analysis on the enablers of Latin America’s startup ecosystems

Economist Impact has analysed seven Latin American markets (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico and Peru) according to the above 19 indicators, alongside four international countries for comparison (US and China — major startup market — and Indonesia and South Africa — similarly sized economies).

Digital readiness

Digital readiness is a critical enabler of the startup ecosystem, requiring investments ranging from infrastructure to cybersecurity. In Latin America, strengthening e-government services and cybersecurity are key opportunities. The COVID-19 pandemic made stark the importance of robust digital infrastructure. In countries where the financial sector or the government had previously invested in digital financial infrastructure, policymakers were able to use digital distribution channels to quickly disburse cash transfers and other supports to beneficiaries in need. In Brazil, for example, around 67 million individuals received at least one cash transfer starting in April 2020. By August, beneficiaries had used around 40% of the funds to make digital payments to utilities and businesses, and for the internet. This robust digital infrastructure signals a large opportunity.

However, cybersecurity is an area of concern for startups in the region and rightly so. According to the ITU’s Global Cybersecurity Index10, all seven countries analysed have significant room to strengthen protections and promote the growth of key markets including e-commerce.

Similarly, research and development (R&D) spending is another area of opportunity to foster a stronger startup ecosystem in Latin American countries, particularly in smaller Latin American markets. Peru’s R&D spending, for example, represents just 0.1% of its GDP, compared with 1.2% in Brazil, 2.1% in China and 2.8% in the United States.

Digital inclusiveness

The quality and inclusiveness of digital infrastructure is another important factor that is often left out of the conversation. The level of inclusiveness in Latin America presents a mixed picture. According to Economist Impact’s Inclusive Internet Index11, Costa Rica, Mexico and Argentina have the highest levels of internet usage of the Latin American countries in our sample, falling only slightly behind China. Strikingly, China, Mexico and Argentina are also the countries where people have the most favourable perceptions (e.g greater trust) of online privacy.

However, the quality of internet services, measured through a composite indicator that assesses broadband speed, latency and capacity, is weaker in Latin American countries than in global leaders like China and the United States, which may explain, in part, why the region has room for growth in tech-dependent startups.

Policy and regulation

A policy and regulatory environment that is conducive to investment in innovation must balance several short- and long-term priorities, including the need for regulation against creating space for innovation. The Global Microscope, an index by Economist Impact that assesses the enabling environment for financial inclusion, has identified the importance of regulatory “proportionality” —that is, regulation should be proportional to the risk to the financial system. It should also be proportional to the type or function of a product, meaning that a bank that lends all types of financial services and products, for example, will be regulated differently than an e-money wallet that can only be used for payments. A qualitative indicator measuring whether countries have a proportionate legal framework for emerging services like peer-to-peer lending and crowdfunding, suggests that Chile and Costa Rica are lagging behind when it comes to proportional regulation in the fintech sector.

Another leading practice in the regulation of innovation is harmonisation with international standards. Anti-money laundering (AML), consumer protection and data privacy policies and regulations are particularly important for a thriving startup market. This is an area where Latin American countries are relatively strong compared to some global peers, although Brazil and Costa Rica lag behind in AML regulation, according to Microscope data.

Macroeconomic conditions and the business environment

Lastly, investors should always take into account the overall country risk and business environment, which has direct impact on consumer demand and the viability of long-term investments. Here the regional picture is a mix of opportunity and uncertainty.

Brazil’s large economy is showing improved resilience to a “second wave” of COVID-19 infections, and is expected to recover sooner than expected to pre-crisis levels in 202112.  Argentina continues to face economic volatility, currency pressures, and awaits an IMF package to help restore stability. Smaller markets are displaying promise – for example Costa Rica. Despite its small size, Costa Rica has one of Latin America’s most attractive business climates, according to Economist Impact's Business Environment Rankings, reflecting political stability, a skilled workforce, and low taxes.

To complement efforts to improve the enabling environment, a range of governments across Latin America have launched programmes geared towards startups more broadly (incorporating SMEs as well as faster-growing firms). The Colombian government has sought to develop metropolitan areas as startup hubs, for example through its INNPulsa partnership with HubBog in Bogota and its Ruta N incubator in Medellin13. Chile has had a successful public accelerator programme for new startups in place for a decade, including a seed  investment division that offers a range of benefits (both financial and non-financial)14. Costa Rica also has programmes in place to stimulate innovation in areas such as cybersecurity15.

It is not just governments that are pursuing such efforts: Companies in the region are also taking a much more proactive stance to boost innovation. In early 2020, Grupo Bimbo, a Mexican multinational food company, launched two accelerator programmes—Eleva and BakeLab—which invite proposals from startups for new product ideas that have the potential to scale globally, either through investment from Grupo Bimbo or a commercial alliance16. AB InBev, a Brazilian brewing company, has also been active, launching the 100+ Accelerator in 2018, which aims to find startups with interesting and viable market solutions17. In the first two years of the programme, AB InBev scaled up 23 out of the 39 startups that enrolled, including firms in Argentina and Uruguay.

Much of the existing literature that looks at potential growth in startups in Latin America focuses heavily, if not exclusively, on fintech (unsurprisingly, given fintech firms represent about one-third of startups in the region). Innovative digital solutions offered by new fintech providers target a large, underserved area of the financial services market. There is additional potential given the thin penetration of traditional banking services in the region, which stands at less than 50% in most of Latin America, and is even lower in some, such as 40% in Mexico.18 The rapid growth of this sector is now being met with new regulation. Mexico was one of the first countries to pass legislation to regulate fintech. Other countries, including Peru and Argentina, are likely to soon follow suit.

However, other sectors, such as education and healthcare, which are comparatively under-developed by international comparison, could also be poised for rapid growth. Successful startup propositions in Latin America often focus on providing localised solutions, which for Latin America often involve catering to sectors at the bottom of the pyramid in areas where public-sector provision has been weaker, including healthcare and education. By contrast, e-commerce was more developed prior to the onset of the pandemic — and has since only accelerated, with both new and existing firms alike growing their e-commerce offerings.

Governments, investors and startups in Latin America have been seduced by the rise of unicorns across the world, which has influenced how investment opportunities in the region are assessed. Looking ahead, some new ventures will undoubtedly succeed in crossing the US$1bn valuation mark, probably in a greater variety of countries than the current limited number. An explosion of unicorns is unlikely in the region, since many countries remain constrained by small market size, a digital infrastructure that is growing only slowly, or a developing regulatory backdrop—and, in some cases, all three. To take this pessimistically, however, would overlook the larger picture: There are significant opportunities in smaller ventures, which offer large potential returns in sectors such as retail, financial services, healthcare and education – and importantly, can unlock economic growth and help the region achieve its development goals. Countries that have been proactive in fostering startups, mainly through reforms to improve the underlying business environment, are best-placed to benefit from future investment growth. 

1 In this article we use the term “start-ups” to refer to technology-based companies in the early stages of operations, typically 3-5 years old, with high costs and limited revenue. 

2 Definitions of unicorns vary across sources. In this article we define unicorns as privately-held companies with an estimated valuation of $1 billion or more based on funding rounds. This is consistent with the definition used by CrunchBase, the primary data source on private funding markets used in this article. Companies that have migrated to public funding markets are excluded from this definition.

3 Calculations from Economist Impact based on company-level data from CrunchBase. All valuations are made in current US dollars. Accessed 31 Aug 2021.

4 Calculations from Economist Impact based on CrunchBase data. Accessed 31 Aug 2021.

5 See https://publications.iadb.org/en/tecnolatinas-2021-lac-startup-ecosystem-comes-age. Note that the IDB analysis is based on additional datasets, estimations and media scans outside of CrunchBase.

6 See https://publications.iadb.org/en/tecnolatinas-2021-lac-startup-ecosystem-comes-age.

7 Companies were catalogued by the main industry they operate in to avoid duplicates. Sectors competing in similar industries were combined for consistency purposes.

8 Calculations from Economist Impact based on CrunchBase data. Accessed 31 Aug 2021.

9 Calculations from Economist Impact based on CrunchBase data. Accessed 31 Aug 2021.

10 ITU Global Cybersecurity Index 2020 Report. United Nations.

11 The Economist Impact's Inclusive Internet Index measures the extent to which the Internet is not only accessible and affordable, but also relevant to all, allowing usage that enables positive social and economic outcomes at the individual and group level. See: https://theinclusiveinternet.eiu.com/

12 All insights from The Economist Intelligence Country Analysis.

13 See https://www.rutanmedellin.org/es/ and https://hubbog.com

14 StartUp Chile, https://www.startupchile.org/

15 See https://innovation.mit.edu/assets/MIT-GE-EPIC-final_April-2021_FINAL-2.pdf

16 See https://grupobimbo.com/en/innovation-grupo-bimbo/bimbo-ventures

17 See https://www.ab-inbev.com/sustainability/100-accelerator/.

18 World Bank Findex. See https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/ Accessed 31 Aug 2021.

Contact us to discuss how we can help you experience the full possibility of your wealth.

Please tell us about yourself, and our team will contact you. 

*Required Fields

Contact us to discuss how we can help you experience the full possibility of your wealth.

Please tell us about yourself, and our team will contact you. 

Enter your First Name

> or < are not allowed

Only 40 characters allowed

Enter your Last Name

> or < are not allowed

Only 40 characters allowed

Select your country of residence

Enter valid street address

> or < are not allowed

Only 150 characters allowed

Enter your city

> or < are not allowed

Only 35 characters allowed

Select your state

> or < are not allowed

Enter your ZIP code

Please enter a valid zipcode

> or < are not allowed

Only 10 characters allowed

Enter your postal code

Please enter a valid zipcode

> or < are not allowed

Only 10 characters allowed

Enter your country code

Enter your country code

> or < are not allowed

Enter your phone number

Phone number must consist of 10 numbers

Please enter a valid phone number

> or < are not allowed

Only 15 characters allowed

Enter your phone number

Please enter a valid phone number

> or < are not allowed

Only 15 characters allowed

Tell Us More About You

0/1000

Only 1000 characters allowed

> or < are not allowed

Checkbox is not selected

Your Recent History

Important Information

KEY RISKS

This material is for information purposes only, and may inform you of certain products and services offered by private banking businesses, part of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (“JPM”). Products and services described, as well as associated fees, charges and interest rates, are subject to change in accordance with the applicable account agreements and may differ among geographic locations. Not all products and services are offered at all locations. If you are a person with a disability and need additional support accessing this material, please contact your J.P. Morgan team or email us at accessibility.support@jpmorgan.com for assistance. Please read all Important Information.

GENERAL RISKS & CONSIDERATIONS

Any views, strategies or products discussed in this material may not be appropriate for all individuals and are subject to risks. Investors may get back less than they invested, and past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results. Asset allocation/diversification does not guarantee a profit or protect against loss. Nothing in this material should be relied upon in isolation for the purpose of making an investment decision. You are urged to consider carefully whether the services, products, asset classes (e.g. equities, fixed income, alternative investments, commodities, etc.) or strategies discussed are suitable to your needs. You must also consider the objectives, risks, charges, and expenses associated with an investment service, product or strategy prior to making an investment decision. For this and more complete information, including discussion of your goals/situation, contact your J.P. Morgan team.

NON-RELIANCE

Certain information contained in this material is believed to be reliable; however, JPM does not represent or warrant its accuracy, reliability or completeness, or accept any liability for any loss or damage (whether direct or indirect) arising out of the use of all or any part of this material. No representation or warranty should be made with regard to any computations, graphs, tables, diagrams or commentary in this material, which are provided for illustration/ reference purposes only. The views, opinions, estimates and strategies expressed in this material constitute our judgment based on current market conditions and are subject to change without notice. JPM assumes no duty to update any information in this material in the event that such information changes. Views, opinions, estimates and strategies expressed herein may differ from those expressed by other areas of JPM, views expressed for other purposes or in other contexts, and this material should not be regarded as a research report. Any projected results and risks are based solely on hypothetical examples cited, and actual results and risks will vary depending on specific circumstances. Forward-looking statements should not be considered as guarantees or predictions of future events.

Nothing in this document shall be construed as giving rise to any duty of care owed to, or advisory relationship with, you or any third party. Nothing in this document shall be regarded as an offer, solicitation, recommendation or advice (whether financial, accounting, legal, tax or other) given by J.P. Morgan and/or its officers or employees, irrespective of whether or not such communication was given at your request. J.P. Morgan and its affiliates and employees do not provide tax, legal or accounting advice. You should consult your own tax, legal and accounting advisors before engaging in any financial transactions.

YOUR INVESTMENTS AND POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Conflicts of interest will arise whenever JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. or any of its affiliates (together, “J.P. Morgan”) have an actual or perceived economic or other incentive in its management of our clients’ portfolios to act in a way that benefits J.P. Morgan. Conflicts will result, for example (to the extent the following activities are permitted in your account): (1) when J.P. Morgan invests in an investment product, such as a mutual fund, structured product, separately managed account or hedge fund issued or managed by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. or an affiliate, such as J.P. Morgan Investment Management Inc.; (2) when a J.P. Morgan entity obtains services, including trade execution and trade clearing, from an affiliate; (3) when J.P. Morgan receives payment as a result of purchasing an investment product for a client’s account; or (4) when J.P. Morgan receives payment for providing services (including shareholder servicing, recordkeeping or custody) with respect to investment products purchased for a client’s portfolio. Other conflicts will result because of relationships that J.P. Morgan has with other clients or when J.P. Morgan acts for its own account.

Investment strategies are selected from both J.P. Morgan and third-party asset managers and are subject to a review process by our manager research teams. From this pool of strategies, our portfolio construction teams select those strategies we believe fit our asset allocation goals and forward-looking views in order to meet the portfolio's investment objective.

As a general matter, we prefer J.P. Morgan managed strategies. We expect the proportion of J.P. Morgan managed strategies will be high (in fact, up to 100 percent) in strategies such as, for example, cash and high-quality fixed income, subject to applicable law and any account-specific considerations.

While our internally managed strategies generally align well with our forward-looking views, and we are familiar with the investment processes as well as the risk and compliance philosophy of the firm, it is important to note that J.P. Morgan receives more overall fees when internally managed strategies are included. We offer the option of choosing to exclude J.P. Morgan managed strategies (other than cash and liquidity products) in certain portfolios

The Six Circles Funds are U.S.-registered mutual funds managed by J.P. Morgan and sub-advised by third parties. Although considered internally managed strategies, JPMC does not retain a fee for fund management or other fund services.

LEGAL ENTITY, BRAND & REGULATORY INFORMATION

In the United States, bank deposit accounts and related services, such as checking, savings and bank lending, are offered by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and its affiliates (collectively “JPMCB”) offer investment products, which may include bank managed investment accounts and custody, as part of its trust and fiduciary services. Other investment products and services, such as brokerage and advisory accounts, are offered through J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (“JPMS”), a member of FINRA and SIPC. Insurance products are made available through Chase Insurance Agency, Inc. (CIA), a licensed insurance agency, doing business as Chase Insurance Agency Services, Inc. in Florida. JPMCB, JPMS and CIA are affiliated companies under the common control of JPM. Products not available in all states.

In Germany, this material is issued by J.P. Morgan SE, with its registered office at Taunustor 1 (TaunusTurm), 60310 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB). In Luxembourg, this material is issued by J.P. Morgan SE – Luxembourg Branch, with registered office at European Bank and Business Centre, 6 route de Treves, L-2633, Senningerberg, Luxembourg, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Luxembourg Branch is also supervised by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF); registered under R.C.S Luxembourg B255938. In the United Kingdom, this material is issued by J.P. Morgan SE – London Branch, registered office at 25 Bank Street, Canary Wharf, London E14 5JP, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – London Branch is also supervised by the Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority. In Spain, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE, Sucursal en España, with registered office at Paseo de la Castellana, 31, 28046 Madrid, Spain, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE, Sucursal en España is also supervised by the Spanish Securities Market Commission (CNMV); registered with Bank of Spain as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under code 1567. In Italy, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Milan Branch, with its registered office at Via Cordusio, n.3, Milan 20123, Italy, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Milan Branch is also supervised by Bank of Italy and the Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa (CONSOB); registered with Bank of Italy as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under code 8076; Milan Chamber of Commerce Registered Number: REA MI 2536325. In the Netherlands, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Amsterdam Branch, with registered office at World Trade Centre, Tower B, Strawinskylaan 1135, 1077 XX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Amsterdam Branch is also supervised by De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) and the Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM) in the Netherlands. Registered with the Kamer van Koophandel as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under registration number 72610220. In Denmark, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Copenhagen Branch, filial af J.P. Morgan SE, Tyskland, with registered office at Kalvebod Brygge 39-41, 1560 København V, Denmark, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Copenhagen Branch, filial af J.P. Morgan SE, Tyskland is also supervised by Finanstilsynet (Danish FSA) and is registered with Finanstilsynet as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under code 29010. In Sweden, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Stockholm Bankfilial, with registered office at Hamngatan 15, Stockholm, 11147, Sweden, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Stockholm Bankfilial is also supervised by Finansinspektionen (Swedish FSA); registered with Finansinspektionen as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE. In France, this material is distributed by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.–Paris Branch, registered office at 14,Place Vendome, Paris 75001, France, registered at the Registry of the Commercial Court of Paris under number 712 041 334 and licensed by the Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de resolution (ACPR) and supervised by the ACPR and the Autorité des Marchés Financiers. In Switzerland, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan (Suisse) SA, with registered address at rue du Rhône, 35, 1204, Geneva, Switzerland, which is authorised and supervised by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) as a bank and a securities dealer in Switzerland.

In the United States, bank deposit accounts and related services, such as checking, savings and bank lending, are offered by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and its affiliates (collectively “JPMCB”) offer investment products, which may include bank managed investment accounts and custody, as part of its trust and fiduciary services. Other investment products and services, such as brokerage and advisory accounts, are offered through J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (“JPMS”), a member of FINRA and SIPC. Insurance products are made available through Chase Insurance Agency, Inc. (CIA), a licensed insurance agency, doing business as Chase Insurance Agency Services, Inc. in Florida. JPMCB, JPMS and CIA are affiliated companies under the common control of JPM. Products not available in all states.

In Germany, this material is issued by J.P. Morgan SE, with its registered office at Taunustor 1 (TaunusTurm), 60310 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB). In Luxembourg, this material is issued by J.P. Morgan SE – Luxembourg Branch, with registered office at European Bank and Business Centre, 6 route de Treves, L-2633, Senningerberg, Luxembourg, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Luxembourg Branch is also supervised by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF); registered under R.C.S Luxembourg B255938. In the United Kingdom, this material is issued by J.P. Morgan SE – London Branch, registered office at 25 Bank Street, Canary Wharf, London E14 5JP, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – London Branch is also supervised by the Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority. In Spain, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE, Sucursal en España, with registered office at Paseo de la Castellana, 31, 28046 Madrid, Spain, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE, Sucursal en España is also supervised by the Spanish Securities Market Commission (CNMV); registered with Bank of Spain as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under code 1567. In Italy, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Milan Branch, with its registered office at Via Cordusio, n.3, Milan 20123, Italy, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Milan Branch is also supervised by Bank of Italy and the Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa (CONSOB); registered with Bank of Italy as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under code 8076; Milan Chamber of Commerce Registered Number: REA MI 2536325. In the Netherlands, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Amsterdam Branch, with registered office at World Trade Centre, Tower B, Strawinskylaan 1135, 1077 XX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Amsterdam Branch is also supervised by De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) and the Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM) in the Netherlands. Registered with the Kamer van Koophandel as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under registration number 72610220. In Denmark, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Copenhagen Branch, filial af J.P. Morgan SE, Tyskland, with registered office at Kalvebod Brygge 39-41, 1560 København V, Denmark, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Copenhagen Branch, filial af J.P. Morgan SE, Tyskland is also supervised by Finanstilsynet (Danish FSA) and is registered with Finanstilsynet as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE under code 29010. In Sweden, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan SE – Stockholm Bankfilial, with registered office at Hamngatan 15, Stockholm, 11147, Sweden, authorized by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin) and jointly supervised by the BaFin, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) and the European Central Bank (ECB); J.P. Morgan SE – Stockholm Bankfilial is also supervised by Finansinspektionen (Swedish FSA); registered with Finansinspektionen as a branch of J.P. Morgan SE. In France, this material is distributed by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.–Paris Branch, registered office at 14,Place Vendome, Paris 75001, France, registered at the Registry of the Commercial Court of Paris under number 712 041 334 and licensed by the Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de resolution (ACPR) and supervised by the ACPR and the Autorité des Marchés Financiers. In Switzerland, this material is distributed by J.P. Morgan (Suisse) SA, with registered address at rue du Rhône, 35, 1204, Geneva, Switzerland, which is authorised and supervised by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) as a bank and a securities dealer in Switzerland.

This communication is an advertisement for the purposes of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MIFID II) and the Swiss Financial Services Act (FINSA). Investors should not subscribe for or purchase any financial instruments referred to in this advertisement except on the basis of information contained in any applicable legal documentation, which is or shall be made available in the relevant jurisdictions (as required).

In Hong Kong, this material is distributed by JPMCB, Hong Kong branch. JPMCB, Hong Kong branch is regulated by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, we will cease to use your personal data for our marketing purposes without charge if you so request. In Singapore, this material is distributed by JPMCB, Singapore branch. JPMCB, Singapore branch is regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Dealing and advisory services and discretionary investment management services are provided to you by JPMCB, Hong Kong/Singapore branch (as notified to you). Banking and custody services are provided to you by JPMCB Singapore Branch. The contents of this document have not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in Hong Kong, Singapore or any other jurisdictions. You are advised to exercise caution in relation to this document. If you are in any doubt about any of the contents of this document, you should obtain independent professional advice. For materials which constitute product advertisement under the Securities and Futures Act and the Financial Advisers Act, this advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., a national banking association chartered under the laws of the United States, and as a body corporate, its shareholder’s liability is limited.

With respect to countries in Latin America, the distribution of this material may be restricted in certain jurisdictions. We may offer and/or sell to you securities or other financial instruments which may not be registered under, and are not the subject of a public offering under, the securities or other financial regulatory laws of your home country. Such securities or instruments are offered and/or sold to you on a private basis only. Any communication by us to you regarding such securities or instruments, including without limitation the delivery of a prospectus, term sheet or other offering document, is not intended by us as an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities or instruments in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful. Furthermore, such securities or instruments may be subject to certain regulatory and/or contractual restrictions on subsequent transfer by you, and you are solely responsible for ascertaining and complying with such restrictions. To the extent this content makes reference to a fund, the Fund may not be publicly offered in any Latin American country, without previous registration of such fund´s securities in compliance with the laws of the corresponding jurisdiction.

References to “J.P. Morgan” are to JPM, its subsidiaries and affiliates worldwide. “J.P. Morgan Private Bank” is the brand name for the private banking business conducted by JPM. This material is intended for your personal use and should not be circulated to or used by any other person, or duplicated for non-personal use, without our permission. If you have any questions or no longer wish to receive these communications, please contact your J.P. Morgan team.

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (JPMCBNA) (ABN 43 074 112 011/AFS Licence No: 238367) is regulated by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority. Material provided by JPMCBNA in Australia is to “wholesale clients” only. For the purposes of this paragraph the term “wholesale client” has the meaning given in section 761G of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Please inform us if you are not a Wholesale Client now or if you cease to be a Wholesale Client at any time in the future.

JPMS is a registered foreign company (overseas) (ARBN 109293610) incorporated in Delaware, U.S.A. Under Australian financial services licensing requirements, carrying on a financial services business in Australia requires a financial service provider, such as J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (JPMS), to hold an Australian Financial Services Licence (AFSL), unless an exemption applies. JPMS is exempt from the requirement to hold an AFSL under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (Act) in respect of financial services it provides to you, and is regulated by the SEC, FINRA and CFTC under US laws, which differ from Australian laws. Material provided by JPMS in Australia is to “wholesale clients” only. The information provided in this material is not intended to be, and must not be, distributed or passed on, directly or indirectly, to any other class of persons in Australia. For the purposes of this paragraph the term “wholesale client” has the meaning given in section 761G of the Act. Please inform us immediately if you are not a Wholesale Client now or if you cease to be a Wholesale Client at any time in the future.

This material has not been prepared specifically for Australian investors. It:

  • may contain references to dollar amounts which are not Australian dollars;
  • may contain financial information which is not prepared in accordance with Australian law or practices;
  • may not address risks associated with investment in foreign currency denominated investments; and
  • does not address Australian tax issues.

© $$YEAR JPMorgan Chase & Co. All rights reserved.

LEARN MORE About Our Firm and Investment Professionals Through FINRA Brokercheck

 

To learn more about J.P. Morgan’s investment business, including our accounts, products and services, as well as our relationship with you, please review our J.P. Morgan Securities LLC Form CRS and Guide to Investment Services and Brokerage Products

 

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and its affiliates (collectively "JPMCB") offer investment products, which may include bank-managed accounts and custody, as part of its trust and fiduciary services. Other investment products and services, such as brokerage and advisory accounts, are offered through J.P. Morgan Securities LLC ("JPMS"), a member of FINRA and SIPC. Insurance products are made available through Chase Insurance Agency, Inc. (CIA), a licensed insurance agency, doing business as Chase Insurance Agency Services, Inc. in Florida. JPMCB, JPMS and CIA are affiliated companies under the common control of JPMorgan Chase & Co. Products not available in all states.

 

Please read the Legal Disclaimer for key important J.P. Morgan Private Bank information in conjunction with these pages.

INVESTMENT AND INSURANCE PRODUCTS ARE: • NOT FDIC INSURED • NOT INSURED BY ANY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCY • NOT A DEPOSIT OR OTHER OBLIGATION OF, OR GUARANTEED BY, JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. OR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES • SUBJECT TO INVESTMENT RISKS, INCLUDING POSSIBLE LOSS OF THE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT INVESTED

Bank deposit products, such as checking, savings and bank lending and related services are offered by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

Not a commitment to lend. All extensions of credit are subject to credit approval.

Equal Housing Lender Icon