The bucket list: How to organize your money with intent
Are we always rational about money? When we think about money, the value we assign to it may not always align with our intentions.
Author: Christopher Kelly and Sarah Backer
Money. It’s a tricky concept in many ways, introducing both opportunities and challenges. When we think about money, we often think in terms of different “mental” accounts. In other words, we assign different values to, and uses for, money based on a variety of factors, including where it came from and what we intend to do with it. Is this an opportunity, a challenge or some combination of the two?
Think about this scenario: Imagine that you have bought tickets to a movie or a Broadway show. When you arrive at the theater, you realize the tickets were for yesterday’s show. What do you do? Do you grab your credit card and buy new tickets or just go home?
Now imagine another scenario: You have not bought any tickets and instead arrive at the theater with a set amount of cash that you’ll use to buy them. When you arrive, you dig into your pockets (or purse) and cannot find the cash. What do you do? Do you grab your credit card and buy the tickets or just go home?
Research has shown that people are much more willing to purchase the tickets after losing the money (in the second scenario) relative to a situation like coming the wrong day (in the first scenario). Rationally speaking, there should be no difference—in both situations, the same amount of money was lost, and the decision to purchase the tickets (or not) should be the same. But this is where mental accounts come in. In the first case, it feels like you’re “double paying” for the tickets (which many people don’t like to do), whereas in the second it seems that you are only paying once (because you lost money, not tickets).
To apply this lesson to your own life, think about how you assign your money to different mental accounts. Do you use monetary gifts differently from an identical amount of money earned at a job? Does a tax refund serve a separate purpose than it would if the money had not been withheld for taxes? Do you spend or invest your bonus in a way that is distinct from how you spend or invest your salary? Do you have “play” money and “safe” money?
From mental accounts to physical ones
When you consider all of your mental accounts—the sources of your money, and how that may cause you to use the accounts differently—do you feel that your mental accounting is helping you use money in the most productive way? One way to find out is to establish a physical framework, or “buckets,” for your money that you know will be productive. You can then regularly review that framework to see if your money behaviors truly align with what you’re trying to accomplish.
People may find it empowering to organize their money in four buckets: liquidity (cash), lifestyle (spending), legacy, and perpetual growth. In this way, they discover whether their money is organized—and utilized—in a way that supports their intentions.
Aligning buckets with your intentions
After you’ve identified the buckets that may apply to you—as well as what and how much is in each of those buckets—challenge yourself to identify what those buckets should look like. To do this, try to think through the various goals that would align to each of your buckets. A goal has four fundamental pillars: a desired dollar amount, time horizon, priority level and a label.
This matters because different buckets with different amounts, time horizons and priority levels will have different sizes and wealth strategies. Let’s take lifestyle as an example. For a 40-year-old who has a lifestyle goal to spend $500,000 per year starting at 65, that strategy may look very different than it will when the same individual is 65 and already spending $500,000 a year from the lifestyle bucket. And the composition of the assets in the bucket may be completely different when that individual is 90 and spending the same amount. In particular, the strategy is likely to be invested in less risky assets over time, for a variety of reasons—not least because the need for cash flow becomes more essential when money can’t be earned through activities such as work. A more conservative mix may be required to ensure that the required $500,000 cash flow is actually realized.
And depending on when the individual started filling the lifestyle bucket, the amount that must be dedicated to that bucket may vary quite a bit. If an individual started investing at 40 for her future lifestyle needs, she would typically dedicate much less to the bucket than if she started later, because the compound growth of investments would be on her side. So—no matter what your wealth level or stage in life—the time to start identifying the time horizons, money amounts and priority levels of your buckets is now so that you can align strategies to get where you want to go.
From awareness to action
Aligning your intentions with your wealth strategies is an ongoing process. And it can start at any point in time—whether you are early, mid or late stage in your journey with wealth. The strategies that serve your various goals, or buckets of wealth, may also evolve over time. For example, when you’re younger you may not be certain of how much wealth you will accumulate or you may not have identified to whom or how much you’d like to give, if anything at all. But as you get older, you may transition to more irrevocable wealth structures as you gain more clarity about the dollar amounts you can and want to give to your family or community. Whatever your intentions, get started. Move your mental accounts to physical ones. When you formally identify the buckets of money that you have and align those buckets with your intentions, you can have much greater confidence in your wealth strategy. The example below illustrates how a certain amount of capital may be aligned to your wealth strategies to serve your various goals.
With confidence, you’ll be able to directly address some basic but important questions: Where, exactly, is my money? Is it doing what I want it to do? Will I have enough in a crisis? Will my wealth have the intended effect on my family? Explicitly bucketing your wealth, making mental accounting physical, can also help answer these questions over time. This can in turn give you the peace of mind that your wealth is having its intended impact.1
For a more detailed discussion on this topic, please contact your J.P. Morgan team. They are always available to answer your questions and to help you with any of your financial planning needs.2
1All case studies are shown for illustrative purposes only and are hypothetical. Any name referenced is fictional and may not be representative of other individual experiences. Information is not a guarantee of future results.
2The price of equity securities may rise or fall due to the changes in the broad market or changes in a company's financial condition, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably. Equity securities are subject to "stock market risk" meaning that stock prices in general may decline over short or extended periods of time.
Investing in fixed income products is subject to certain risks, including interest rate, credit, inflation, call, prepayment and reinvestment risk. Any fixed income security sold or redeemed prior to maturity may be subject to substantial gain or loss.
"Liquid alternative funds" are registered funds that seek to accomplish the fund's objectives through non-traditional investments and trading strategies.. They differ significantly from both hedge funds and traditional mutual funds because they can be redeemed on any business day, they are said to be "liquid." Such funds do not follow the typical buy and hold strategy of a traditional mutual fund and generally hold more nontraditional investments and use more complex trading strategies than a traditional mutual fund, which may make an investment in a liquid alternative fund riskier. Non-traditional investments may include, but not limited to private equity, derivatives, commodities, real estate, distressed debt and hedge funds.